SurfMin: hydraulic balance
OSM
Library Number: 013 Date to NTIS: 12/14/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-151424/AS NTIS List Price: 17.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 785.15
Title
of Report:
ASSESSMENT
OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT AS A RESULT OF P.L. 95-87
(1980).
75 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
University of Tennessee
(Energy/Environmental), Knoxville, TN 37916
Type of
Report: Interim Progress Report
Abstract:
Extensive
info on environmental costs of surface coal mining under steep slope
conditions
and likely benefits to be gained from SMCRA-type reclamation
requirements. Most serious environmental impacts are due
to siltation &
flooding
with regard to problems which give rise to damage to aquatic biota and
humans
of mining areas. Results of Appalachian
Resources Program studies do not
provide
conclusive picture. Prevention of
household damage & other direct
impacts
to humans would account for 50-70% of incremental cost of SMCRA. Extent
of
environmental impact appears to fall between flooding and aquatic ecology
impact.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
STEEP
SLOPE
Author(s)
Bohm,
R.A.
Johnson,
T.M.
McCormick,
J.F.
Minear,
R.A.
Moore,
J.R.
Tschantz,
B.A.
Vaughan,
G.A.
OSM
Library Number: 014-VOL 1 Date to NTIS: 12/21/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-153198/AS NTIS List Price: 31.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41 - 816.57
Title of
Report:
ASSESSMENT
OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT AS A RESULT OF P.L. 95-87: FINAL
REPORT
- VOL 1 (1982). 253 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
University of Tennessee
(Energy/Environmental), Knoxville, TN 37916
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Exact
impact of surface mining and alternative methods of surface mining
reclamation
on environmental quality was not fully understood in 1977 nor is it
understood
now. Report summarizes results of
research data collected related to
the
impact on environmental quality of enforcing SMCRA and uses benefit-cost
framework
to answer questions such as: What are
environmental costs of coal
mining
and how much will these costs be reduced via reclamation and benefits?
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
AQUATIC
ECOLOGY
Author(s)
Bohm,
R.A.
Hubbard,
J.
Johnson,
T.M.
McCormick,
J.F.
Minear,
R.A.
Moore,
J.R.
Rathinasamy,
R.S.
Tschantz,
B.A.
Vaughan,
G.A.
OSM
Library Number: 014-VOL 2 Date to NTIS: 12/29/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-153206/AS NTIS List Price: 23.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41 - 816.57
Title
of Report:
ASSESSMENT
OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT AS A RESULT OF P.L. 95-87: FINAL
REPORT
- VOL 2 (1982). 177 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and address:
University of Tennessee
(Energy/Environmental), Knoxville, TN 37916
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Sediment
is a major problem in the New River Basin.
Special climatic and
topographical
geological features are identified; Tennessee and Federal laws are
reviewed. The laws and regulations are reviewed
separately because while
regulations
are enforceable, means of revision are quite different. PL 95-87 is
extremely
comprehensive legislation. Many
provisions allow little latitude in
development
of regulations Analysis emphasizes
portions of PL 95-87 which
strongly
underpin regulations. Summary
identifies those aspects of the
permanent
regulatory program which most closely relate to the New River Basin.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
AQUATIC
ECOLOGY
Author(s):
Bohm,
R.A.
Hubbard,
J.
Johnson,
T.M.
McCormick,
J.F.
Minear,
R.A.
Moore,
J.R.
Rathinasamy,
R.S.
Tschantz,
B.A.
Vaughan,
G.A.
OSM
Library Number: 067 Date to NTIS: 03/27/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB88-148101 NTIS List Price: 31.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41-816.47
Title
of Report:
SELECTED
HAND-HELD CALCULATOR CODES FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE CUMULATIVE
HYDROLOGIC
IMPACTS OF MINING (1982). 366 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
Hittman Associates, Inc., Columbia, MD
21045
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Report
presents hydro programs to evaluate impacts in the field. User familiar
with
the Texas Instrument 59 Calculator is able to solve simple program codes
(surface
water and ground water programs). Most
codes are complicated. While
understanding
the program structure will help the user in applying models, a
complete
understanding is not necessary.
Programs will enable user to receive
quick
evaluation of individual and cumulative impacts of surface water
resources. Techniques now do exist that fill gap
between evaluations and
full-sized
digital computer evaluations.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
IMPACTS
ANALYTICAL
MODELS
Author(s):
Koch,
Donald
Prickett,
Thomas A.
Sandberg,
Ral
Scheibach,
R. Bruce
OSM
Library Number: 069 Date to NTIS: 12/14/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-153115/AS NTIS List Price: 23.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.81-816.83
Title
of Report:
A
HANDBOOK FOR SMALL SURFACE COAL MINE OPERATORS (1980). 119 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
University of Delaware (Water Resources),
Newark, DE 19711
Type of
Report: Final Report - Handbook
Abstract:
Handbook
presents techniques on protection of water resources during mining and
reclamation
operations. Included are some
operations which may only marginally
affect water
quality or hydrology. Anthracite
mining, lignite mining, coal
processing,
refuse disposal, and slurry disposal are not covered. Area covered
in this
handbook relates only to that east of the lOOth meridian west longitude.
Kewords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
SMALL
OPERATORS HANDBOOK
RECLAMATION
TECHNIQUES
Author(s):
Tourbier,
J. Toby, Westmacott, Richard
OSM
Library Number: 106 Date to NTIS: 01/11/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-167537/AS NTIS List Price: 23.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41-816.47
Title
of Report:
ANALYSIS
OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL SURFACE-MINED AND UNDISTURBED
APPALACHIAN
WATERSHEDS IN THE TUG FORK BASIN OF KENTUCKY, VIRGINIA, AND WEST
VIRGINIA
(1984). 169 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
USDOI-U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
22092
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Contains
hydrologic and climatologic data collected at 8 small mined and 2 small
unmined
watersheds in Tug Fork Basin (KY/VA/WV) with records of discharge,
precipitation,
and air temperature. Daily records are
provided on sediment
concentrations,
sediment discharges, and periodic observations of water quality.
Tables of all data are presented. Each watershed was observed for climatic and
hydrologic
data used to calibrate the USDOI-USGS Precipitation-Runoff Modeling
System. The flow characteristic was computed by
regression analysis to
investigate
the relation between mining and runoff.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
TUG
FORK BASIN
IMPACTS
OF LAND USE
Author(s): Scott, Arthur G.
OSM
Library Number: 114 Date to
NTIS: 12/22/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-151432/AS NTIS List Price: 17.00 CFR Citation 30
CFR
816.41-816.42
Title
of Report:
ECONOMIC
EVALUATION OF OSM HYDROLOGY, GEOLOGY, AND AIR RESOURCES REGS -
HYDROLOGY
(1982). 74 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
Hittman Associates, Inc., Columbia, MD
21045
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
This
report presents an analysis of the cost impacts and benefits related to
current
and proposed regulations relative to hydrology. 1) Current and proposed
Hydrology
regulations were reviewed and analyzed to identify related cost
elements. 2) The identified cost elements were applied
to each mine model and
region
as appropriate to generate regional costs.
3) The benefits related to
the
regulations were analyzed. The
assumptions and results relative to the
regulations
were analyzed. In addition, the role of
small entities in regional
coal
production in 1978 is provided in this report.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGY
GEOLOGIC
REGS
AIR
RESOURCES REGS
Author(s): (Unknown)
OSM
Library Number: 174 Date to NTIS: 11/17/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-148495 NTIS List Price: 17.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41-816.47
Title
of Report:
A FLOOD
MODEL FOR THE TUG FORK BASIN, KENTUCKY, VIRGINIA, AND WEST VIRGINIA
83-4014
(1983). 87 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
USDOI-U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
22092
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Surface
mining of coal in U.S. increased from 406 million tons to almost 800
million
tons from 1978 to 1979. In coal-rich
1,560-square mile Tug Fork Basin
(KY/VA/WV),
since 1950 surface mining areas increased 2500 percent. Study used
a
rainfall-runoff model to determine if land use changes relating to surface
mining
in Tug Fork Basin affected basin streamflow characteristics. Analyses
were
made to determine if future increases in surface mining activities might
affect
basin streamflow.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
TUG
FORK BASIN ANNUAL-FLOOD
Author(s): Curwick, Philip B., Doyle, Jr., Harry W.,
Flynn,
Kathleen
M.
OSM Library
Number: 192 Date to NTIS:
02/27/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-18500/AS NTIS List Price: 31.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41-816.47
Title
of Report:
IDENTIFICATION
OF HYDROLOGIC DATA SOURCES FOR USE IN MINE PLAN REVIEW ASSESSMENT
OF
CUMULATIVE HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF SURFACE MINE (1983). 260 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
USDOI-U.S. Geological Survey, Harrisburg,
PA 17101
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Report presents
tables of hydrologic data sites for each coal deposit and
adjacent
county in the primacy states by source and type of data. The
information
consists of surface water, quality of water, sediment, and
ground-water
data sites.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
CHIA
(CUMULATIVE HYDROLOGIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT)
ASSESSMENT
METHODOLOGIES
Author(s): (Unknown)
OSM
Library Number: 200 Date to NTIS: 01/05/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-148271/AS NTIS List Price: 15.00
CFR Citation: 30 CFR 816.41-816.47
Title
of Report:
METHODOLOGIES
FOR DETERMINING THE CUMULATIVE HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF SURFACE
MINING
- TASK III - (1983). 34 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
USDOI-U.S. Geological Survey, Harrisburg,
PA 17101
Type of
Report: Task III
Abstract:
Report
discusses two surface-water and ground-water methodologies. Table III
lists 3
watershed simulation methods which may be applicable in cumulative
hydrologic
impact analyses. Ground-water methodologies
reported most frequently
were
models developed by USGS offices in the Midwest.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
CHIA
ASSESSMENT
METHODOLOGIES
Author(s): Herb, William J.
OSM
Library Number: 238 Date to NTIS: 03/29/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-195298/AS NTIS List Price: 17.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 780.21
Title
of Report:
PROCEDURES
FOR ASSESSMENT OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF SURFACE MINING ON THE
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE (1982). 50 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
USDOI-U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
22092
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Report
describes technologies to assess probable cumulative impacts on concepts
of
hydro profile, impact matrix, and impact profile. Activity profile of
cumulative
area v. river miles downstream from surface mining site shows major
uses,
flood-prone areas and stream classifications.
From the summary of
activity
profile, impact matrix is used as a checklist for probable importance
of
impacts under specific categories (water supply, flood-prone areas,
water-contact
recreation). Impacts quantification by
simple model or by impact
profile
identifies percentage change in hydro characteristics v. district.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
CUMULATIVE
IMPACTS
Author(s):
Lumb,
Alan M.
OSM
Library Number: 315 Date to NTIS: 12/21/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-159336/AS NTIS List Price: 17.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41-816.46
Title of
Report:
METHODS
FOR PHC DETERMINATION (1984). 52 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
J.F. Sato and Associates, Littleton, CO
80120.
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Evaluates
hydrological consequences determination by applicant using baseline
data
collected on and near proposed mine site.
Baseline data includes
information
on geology, surface and groundwater, hydrology and alternative water
supplies. PHC is determined by comparing baseline
water quantity/quality data
with
predictions of during-mining and post-mining water quantity & quality.
Several
methods are available to assist hydrologist in assessing water-related
impacts
on coal mining activities. Manual
provides data on methods, advantages,
and
disadvantages of different methods, and data required to use these methods.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
PHC
GUIDANCE HANDBOOK
CHIA
Author(s):
Evans,
Ginger s.
Hailu,
Tsegaye
Nadolski,
John A.
OSM
Library Number: 316 Date to NTIS: 12/21/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-150558/AS NTIS List Price: 23.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41-816.46
Title
of Report:
APPENDIX
TO METHODS FOR PHC DETERMINATION (1984). 128 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
J.F.
Sato and Associates, Littleton, CO 80120
Type of
Report: Appendix
Abstract:
Appendix
is designed to supplement the PHC Guidance document. Methods listed in
appendix
may be applicable to the PHC determination process. Few of these
methods
are applicable nationwide and some locally applicable methods may not be
listed. Therefore, the hydrologist should consult
with the state regulatory
authority
and review the limitations of the methods before choosing one. (See
OSM
Library Report No. 314 and NTIS Accession No
PB90-159336/AS)
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
PHC
GUIDANCE HANDBOOK
CHIA
Author(s): (Unknown)
OSM
Library Number: 483 Date to NTIS: 11/17/89
NTIS
Accession No: PB88-154976 NTIS List Price: 31.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41
Title
of Report:
GROUND-WATER
INFORMATION MANUAL: COAL MINE PERMIT
APPLICATIONS
(VOL I)
(1985). 275 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
USDOI-U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
22092
Type of
Report: Manual
Abstract:
Volume
1 defines types of geohydrologic information to be included by the
applicant
to help ensure that the data are adequate for the regulatory authority
to
understand the physical (geologic and hydrologic) settings of aquifers likely
to be
affected by mining, judge the adequacy of impact analysis as presented in
the
permit application and apply the information in the cumulative assessment
process. Volume 2 describes the results of 11
ground-water studies. Examples
of ground-water
elements for coal mine permit applications and ground-water
studies
are provided.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
GROUNDWATER
MANUAL
HYDROLOGIC
CONDITIONS
Author(s):
Richards,
David B.
OSM
Library Number: 530 Date to NTIS: 01/22/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-173295/AS NTIS List Price: 15.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.42
Title
of Report:
EFFECTS
OF SURFACE COAL MINING ON STREAMFLOW - SUSPENDED - SEDIMENT AND WATER
QUALITY
IN THE STONY FORK DRAINAGE BASIN, FAYETTE COUNTY (1985). 28 pp. (USGS
Water-Resources
Investigation Report 84-4362).
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Report
describes study of 7.44 square mile Stony Fork Basin (1977-1980) to
determine
impacts of surface coal mining on quality of water in Stony Fork.
Samples
were collected at 6 sites. During the
2-year study surface mining
increased
in the basin from 0.5 to 5.5%. Streamflow, suspended sediment, &
water
quality data were collected at gaging stations upstream and downstream
from
mining. Specific conductance was highly
variable during storm runoff but
generally
varied inversely with flow & increased slightly during investigation.
Values
of acidity/alkalinity did not show changes normally associated with
mining.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
STONY
FORK
GROUNDWATER
QUALITY
Author(s):
Mastrilli,
Thomas M.
Stump,
Jr., Donald E.
OSM
Library Number: 531 Date to NTIS: 01/22/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-173303/AS NTIS List Price: 15.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41-816.47
Title
of Report:
EFFECTS
OF SURFACE COAL MINING ON SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT DISCHARGE IN A SMALL
MOUNTAIN
WATERSHED, FAYETTE COUNTY, PA (85-4093) (1986). 20 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Report describes
the effects of surface coal mining on suspended sediment
discharge
in the Stony Fork basin. A gaging
station was established downstream
of the
mine area to collect suspended-sediment and streamflow data. Statistical
analysis
was used to measure the cause-effect relation of surface coal mining
activities
within the study area. Analysis of
storms and base flow periods are
also
included. Study area comprises 2.5
square miles in the headwaters of the
Stony
Fork basin in Wharton Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
STONY
FORK
SEDIMENT
POND EFFICIENCY
Author(s):
Mastrilli,
Thomas M.
Stump,
Jr., Donald E.
OSM
Library Number: 563 Date to NTIS: 04/16/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-229873/AS NTIS List Price: 23.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 780.21
Title
of Report:
WATER
RESOURCES OF THE TUG FORK OF BIG SANDY RIVER BASIN, WEST VIRGINIA,
KENTUCKY,
AND VIRGINIA AND TWELVEPOLE CREEK BASIN, WEST VIRGINIA (1989). 113 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
West Virginia Geological and Economic
Survey, Morgantown, WV 26507-0879
Type of
Report: Final Product
Abstract:
Report
describes physical setting and hydrological conditions in the basins.
Data from
16 streamflow gaging stations were statistically analyzed to develop
flow
characteristics for the basins. Streams
were sampled 12 times at 15 gaging
stations
and twice at 63 synoptic sites.
Predominate water-chemistry types were
calcium
bicarbonate and calcium sulfate in Twelvepole Creek Basin and sodium
bicarbonate,
sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate in Tug Fork Basin.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
TUG
FORK
TWELVEPOLE
CREEK BASIN
Author(s):
Bader,
John S. (U.S. Geological Survey)
Mathes,
Melvin V. (U.S. Geological Survey)
Runner,
Gerald S. (U.S. Geological Survey)
OSM
Library Number: 564 Date to NTIS: 04/09/90
NTIS
Accession No: PB90-202797/AS NTIS List Price: 23.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 780.21
Title
of Report:
WATER
RESOURCES OF THE GUYANDOTTE RIVER BASIN, WEST VIRGINA (1989). 130 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
U.S. Geological Survey, Charleston, WV
25301
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract:
Study was
designed to provide knowledge of hydrological conditions in the basin.
Information from 10 continuous record
stream-gaging stations was used to
develop
runoff characteristics of streams.
Traveltime (TT) at different stages
were
determined for main stem of Guyandotte River from Juttice to Barboursville.
TT in upstream segment of the stream was
greater during low flow than TT in the
downstream
segment; and reverse is true for most streams. 143 streams were
sampled
periodically (major ions/metals/nutrients/bacteria); and chemical
analyses
of 375 groundwater samples were analyzed.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
GUYANDOTTE
RIVER BASIN
Author(s):
Bader,
John S.
Bragg,
Robert L.
Chisholm,
James L.
Downs,
Sanford C.
OSM
Library Number: 600 Date to NTIS: 09/16/91
NTIS
Accession No: PB9l-194019 NTIS List Price: 19.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41
Title
of Report:
LONG-TERM
EFFECTS OF SURFACE COAL MINING ON GROUND-WATER LEVELS AND QUALITY IN
TWO
SMALL WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN OHIO (1990). 80 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
U.S. Geological Survey, Columbus, OH
43212-3192
Type of
Report: Final Report
Abstract: .
Findings
of study at 2 small watersheds in eastern Ohio are: 1) some water
levels
stabilized within a few years after completion of mining; 2) surface
infiltration
rates decreased, but ground-water storage capacity and hydraulic
conductivity
increased after mining; 3) levels of dissolved solids, especially
sulfates,
increased after mining; and 4) geochemical equilibrium has not been
reached,
that is, water quality conditions are
still changing as much as eight
years
after completion of mining. Project
consists of monitoring postmining
ground-water
levels and quality over 4-yr period.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
SURFACE
MINING
GROUNDWATER
RESTORATION
OF GROUNDWATER
Author(s):
Cunningham,
William L.
Jones,
Rick L.
OSM Library
Number: 601 Date to NTIS: 09/16/91
NTIS
Accession No: PB88-155320 NTIS List Price: 50.00
CFR
Citation: 30 CFR 816.41
Title
of Report:
GROUND-WATER
INFORMATION MANUAL: COAL MINE PERMIT
APPLICATIONS (VOL II) (1987).
405 pp.
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092
Type of
Report: Final Product
Abstract:
Vol. 2
of manual is prepared to assist applicants for coal mining permits in 1)
describing
groundwater conditions in the vicinity of a permit area, and 2)
assessing
the potential impacts of mining on groundwater impacts of mining on
groundwater
resources in the area adjacent to the proposed site. Manual is
directed
at a moderately technical audience.
Principal subjects described
include
the geologic setting of the bedrock units containing coal to be mined;
hydrologic
setting; potential impacts of mining on groundwater resources; and
data
requirements or monitoring plan for an impact analysis.
Keywords:
HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
GROUNDWATER
MANUAL
HYDROLOGIC
CONDITIONS
Author(s):
Bevans,
Hugh E.
Moreland,
Joe A.
Driver,
Nancy E.
Puente,
Celso
Duigon,
Mark T.
Razem,
Allan C.
Foster,
Jr., James B.
Stoner,
Jeffery D.
Galloway,
Devin L.
Williams,
Jr., Robert S.
Hobba,
Jr., William B.
Houghton,
Robert L.
Lines,
Gregory C.
Mayer,
Gregory C.
NTIS Accession No: NTIS List Price:
Title
of Report:
HANDBOOK
OF WESTERN RECLAMATION TECHNIQUES (Dec 1996)
Performing
Organization Name and Address:
Abandoned
Coal Mine Lands Research Program
University
of Wyoming
Laramie,
WY
Type of
Report: Final Report - Handbook
Abstract:
Handbook
reviews:1) topsoil reclamation methods;
2) hydrological techniques; 3)
topographic
relief for ecological diversity; 4) wildlife resource management
during
mining operations; 5) vegetation monitoring;
6) postmining land use; 7)
drilling
regulations and planning. Reclamation
science has responded to legal
requirements,
the reconstruction of endangered habitats, revitalization of
damaged
environmental systems, and attempts to minimize human impact.
Keywords:
Isometric
drawings of steel structures.
Topsoil
management
Hydrology:
structures, reconstruction techniques, and soil erosion control
Topography:
hillslope shaping, and backfill grading
Wildlife:
fencing, powerlines, traffic hazards, and raptors,
Vegetation:
revegetation, seeding, husbandry, and recording methods
Postmining:
grazing, and wildlife
Drilling:
pre and post-drilling requirements